In practice, the performance of insulation is not determined solely by the material itself, but by how it is integrated into the overall building system. The same mineral wool, the same polystyrene, or the same rigid foam can produce completely different results from one project to another.

Execution is the first critical factor. Air gaps, incomplete bonding, incorrect fixings, or uncontrolled cutting create thermal bridges that are invisible at handover but decisive during operation. An insulation layer that appears continuous but is fragmented at the detail level quickly loses its effectiveness.

The second element is compatibility with the rest of the system. High-performance insulation installed in a wall without vapor control can promote internal condensation. “Breathable” materials can become problematic when blocked by impermeable layers, while airtight solutions may fail if not complemented by controlled ventilation.

Construction details are often the weak point. Plinth areas, window and door joinery, parapets, or service penetrations are treated superficially, even though this is where the greatest losses occur. The difference between a successful project and a problematic one lies in a few centimeters and a few seemingly minor decisions.

Insulation does not function as a standalone material, but as part of a coherent system. Without proper execution, well-designed details, and compatibility between layers, performance remains theoretical.

(Photo: Freepik)